The Exciting Universe Of Music Theory
presents

more than you ever wanted to know about...

Scale 359: "Bothimic"

Bracelet Diagram

The bracelet shows tones that are in this scale, starting from the top (12 o'clock), going clockwise in ascending semitones. The "i" icon marks imperfect tones that do not have a tone a fifth above.

Tonnetz Diagram

Tonnetz diagrams are popular in Neo-Riemannian theory. Notes are arranged in a lattice where perfect 5th intervals are from left to right, major third are northeast, and major 6th intervals are northwest. Other directions are inverse of their opposite. This diagram helps to visualize common triads (they're triangles) and circle-of-fifth relationships (horizontal lines).

Keyboard Diagram





Other diagrams coming soon!

Common Names

Names are messy, inconsistent, polysemic, and non-bijective. If you see a name with lots of citations beside it, that's a good measure of credulity.

Name Sources

Analysis

Cardinality

Cardinality is the count of how many pitches are in the scale. Cardinalities can be expressed as an adjective, e.g. pentatonic, hexatonic, heptatonic, and so on.

 6 (hexatonic)

Pitch Class Set

The tones in this scale, expressed as numbers from 0 to 11.

 {0,1,2,5,6,8}

Leonard Notation

As practiced in the theoretical work of B P Leonard, this notation for describing a pitch class set replaces commas with subscripted numbers indicating the interval distance between adjacent tones. Convenient when you are doing certain kinds of analysis. The superscript in parentheses is the sonority's Brightness.

[011123516284](22)

Rotational Symmetry

Some scales have rotational symmetry, sometimes known as "limited transposition". If there are any rotational symmetries, these are the intervals of periodicity.

 none

Reflection Axes

If a scale has an axis of reflective symmetry, then it can transform into itself by inversion. It also implies that the scale has Ridge Tones. Notably an axis of reflection can occur directly on a tone or half way between two tones.

 none

Palindromicity

A palindromic scale has the same pattern of intervals both ascending and descending.

 no

Chirality

A chiral scale can not be transformed into its inverse by rotation. If a scale is chiral, then it has an enantiomorph.

 yes
enantiomorph: 3281

Hemitonia

A hemitone is two tones separated by a semitone interval. Hemitonia describes how many such hemitones exist.

 3 (trihemitonic)

Cohemitonia

A cohemitone is an instance of two adjacent hemitones. Cohemitonia describes how many such cohemitones exist.

 1 (uncohemitonic)

Imperfections

An imperfection is a tone which does not have a perfect fifth above it in the scale. This value is the quantity of imperfections in this scale.

 3

Modes

Modes are the rotational transformations of this scale. This number includes the scale itself, so the number is usually the same as its cardinality; unless there are rotational symmetries then there are fewer modes.

 6

Prime Form

Describes if this scale is in prime form, using the Starr/Rahn algorithm.

 yes

Forte Number

A code assigned by theorist Allen Forte, for this pitch class set and all of its transpositional (rotation) and inversional (reflection) transformations.

 6-Z43

Generator

Indicates if the scale can be constructed using a generator, and an origin.

 none

Deep Scale

A deep scale is one where the interval vector has 6 different digits, an indicator of maximum hierarchization.

 no

Interval Structure

Defines the scale as the sequence of intervals between one tone and the next.

 [1, 1, 3, 1, 2, 4]

Interval Vector

Describes the intervallic content of the scale, read from left to right as the number of occurences of each interval size from semitone, up to six semitones.

 <3, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2>

Hanson's Interval Spectrum

The same as the Interval Vector, but expressed in a syntax used by Howard Hanson. Hanson categorizes all intervals as being one of six classes, and gives each a letter: p m n s d t, ordered from most consonant (p) to most dissonant (t). When an interval appears more than once in a sonority, it is superscripted with a number, like p2.

 p3m3n2s2d3t2

Proportional Saturation Vector

First described by Michael Buchler (2001), this is a vector showing the prominence of intervals relative to the maximum and minimum possible for the scale's cardinality. A saturation of 0 means the interval is present minimally, a saturation of 1 means it is the maximum possible.

<0.6, 0.333, 0.4, 0.25, 0.6, 0.667>

Distribution Spectra

Describes the specific interval sizes that exist for each generic interval size. Each generic <g> has a spectrum {n,...}. The Spectrum Width is the difference between the highest and lowest values in each spectrum.

<1> = {1,2,3,4}
<2> = {2,3,4,5,6}
<3> = {5,6,7}
<4> = {6,7,8,9,10}
<5> = {8,9,10,11}

Spectra Variation

Determined by the Distribution Spectra; this is the sum of all spectrum widths divided by the scale cardinality.

 2.667

Maximally Even

A scale is maximally even if the tones are optimally spaced apart from each other.

 no

Maximal Area Set

A scale is a maximal area set if a polygon described by vertices dodecimetrically placed around a circle produces the maximal interior area for scales of the same cardinality. All maximally even sets have maximal area, but not all maximal area sets are maximally even.

 no

Interior Area

Area of the polygon described by vertices placed for each tone of the scale dodecimetrically around a unit circle, ie a circle with radius of 1.

2.116

Polygon Perimeter

Perimeter of the polygon described by vertices placed for each tone of the scale dodecimetrically around a unit circle.

5.699

Myhill Property

A scale has Myhill Property if the Distribution Spectra have exactly two specific intervals for every generic interval.

 no

Centre of Gravity Distance

When tones of a scale are imagined as physical objects of equal weight arranged around a unit circle, this is the distance from the center of the circle to the center of gravity for all the tones. A perfectly balanced scale has a CoG distance of zero.

 0.166667

Ridge Tones

Ridge Tones are those that appear in all transpositions of a scale upon the members of that scale. Ridge Tones correspond directly with axes of reflective symmetry.

 none

Propriety

Also known as Rothenberg Propriety, named after its inventor. Propriety describes whether every specific interval is uniquely mapped to a generic interval. A scale is either "Proper", "Strictly Proper", or "Improper".

Improper

Heteromorphic Profile

Defined by Norman Carey (2002), the heteromorphic profile is an ordered triple of (c, a, d) where c is the number of contradictions, a is the number of ambiguities, and d is the number of differences. When c is zero, the scale is Proper. When a is also zero, the scale is Strictly Proper.

(10, 17, 64)

Coherence Quotient

The Coherence Quotient is a score between 0 and 1, indicating the proportion of coherence failures (ambiguity or contradiction) in the scale, against the maximum possible for a cardinality. A high coherence quotient indicates a less complex scale, whereas a quotient of 0 indicates a maximally complex scale.

0.585

Sameness Quotient

The Sameness Quotient is a score between 0 and 1, indicating the proportion of differences in the heteromorphic profile, against the maximum possible for a cardinality. A higher quotient indicates a less complex scale, whereas a quotient of 0 indicates a scale with maximum complexity.

0.147

Brightness

Based on the theories of B P Leonard, Brightness is a measurement of interval content calculated by taking the sum of each tone's distance from the root. Scales with more tones at higher pitches will have a greater Brightness than those with fewer, lower pitches. Typically used to compare pitch class sets with the same cardinality.

22

Xenome

A naming schema invented by Qid Love, and published in their book The Book Of Xenomes. A xenome is a succinct encoding of the pitch class set as three hexadecimal characters, with reversed bits such that they read left to right as ascending pitches.

 E68

Lewin-Quinn FC Components

Conceived by David Lewin in 1959, and generalized by Ian Quinn; FC is a function that transforms the set by multiplying by a given number of semitones, then gives the total distance of the sum of the vectors produced by each tone when mapped to a circular plane. The result is a discrete Fourier transform that quantifies harmonic qualities. A more thorough and sensible explanation is coming in the book. FC Components can be used to analyze other tuning systems besides 12-TET. FC0 is the cardinality of the scale.

 FC0 = 6
FC1 = 1
FC2 = 2.645751
FC3 = 2
FC4 = 1.732051
FC5 = 1
FC6 = 2

Generator

This scale has no generator.

Common Triads

These are the common triads (major, minor, augmented and diminished) that you can create from members of this scale.

* Pitches are shown with C as the root

Triad TypeTriad*Pitch ClassesDegreeEccentricityCloseness Centrality
Major TriadsC♯{1,5,8}210.67
Minor Triadsfm{5,8,0}121
Diminished Triadsd°{2,5,8}121

The following pitch classes are not present in any of the common triads: {6}

Parsimonious Voice Leading Between Common Triads of Scale 359. Created by Ian Ring ©2019 C# C# d° d° C#->d° fm fm C#->fm

Above is a graph showing opportunities for parsimonious voice leading between triads*. Each line connects two triads that have two common tones, while the third tone changes by one generic scale step.

Diameter2
Radius1
Self-Centeredno
Central VerticesC♯
Peripheral Verticesd°, fm

Modes

Modes are the rotational transformation of this scale. Scale 359 can be rotated to make 5 other scales. The 1st mode is itself.

2nd mode:
Scale 2227		Rāga Gaula
3rd mode:
Scale 3161		Kodimic
4th mode:
Scale 907		Tholimic
5th mode:
Scale 2501		Ralimic
6th mode:
Scale 1649		Bolimic

Prime

This is the prime form of this scale.

Complement

The hexatonic modal family [359, 2227, 3161, 907, 2501, 1649] (Forte: 6-Z43) is the complement of the hexatonic modal family [407, 739, 1817, 2251, 2417, 3173] (Forte: 6-Z17)

Inverse

The inverse of a scale is a reflection using the root as its axis. The inverse of 359 is 3281

Scale 3281Rāga Vijayavasanta

Interval Matrix

Each row is a generic interval, cells contain the specific size of each generic. Useful for identifying contradictions and ambiguities.

Contradictions (10)

Ambiguities(17)

Hierarchizability

Based on the work of Niels Verosky, hierarchizability is the measure of repeated patterns with "place-finding" remainder bits, applied recursively to the binary representation of a scale. For a full explanation, read Niels' paper, Hierarchizability as a Predictor of Scale Candidacy. The variable k is the maximum number of remainders allowed at each level of recursion, for them to count as an increment of hierarchizability. A high hierarchizability score is a good indicator of scale candidacy, ie a measure of usefulness for producing pleasing music. There is a strong correlation between scales with maximal hierarchizability and scales that are in popular use in a variety of world musical traditions.

kHierarchizabilityBreakdown PatternDiagram
11111001101000359k = 1h = 1
21111001101000359k = 2h = 1
31111001101000359k = 3h = 1
421(0011)010(0011)359k = 4h = 2
521(0011)010(0011)359k = 5h = 2

Enantiomorph

Only scales that are chiral will have an enantiomorph. Scale 359 is chiral, and its enantiomorph is scale 3281

Scale 3281Rāga Vijayavasanta

Center of Gravity

If tones of the scale are imagined as identical physical objects spaced around a unit circle, the center of gravity is the point where the scale is balanced.

Position

with origin in the center

(0.166667, 0)
Distance from Center0.166667
Angle in degrees

measured clockwise starting from the root.

90
Angle in cents

100 cents = 1 semitone.

300

Transformations:

In the abbreviation, the subscript number after "T" is the number of semitones of tranposition, "M" means the pitch class is multiplied by 5, and "I" means the result is inverted. Operation is an identical way to express the same thing; the syntax is <a,b> where each tone of the set x is transformed by the equation y = ax + b. A note about the multipliers: multiplying by 1 changes nothing, multiplying by 11 produces the same result as inversion. 5 is the only non-degenerate multiplier, with the multiplier 7 producing the inverse of 5.

Abbrev Operation Result Abbrev Operation Result
T0 <1,0> 359       T0I <11,0> 3281
T1 <1,1> 718      T1I <11,1> 2467
T2 <1,2> 1436      T2I <11,2> 839
T3 <1,3> 2872      T3I <11,3> 1678
T4 <1,4> 1649      T4I <11,4> 3356
T5 <1,5> 3298      T5I <11,5> 2617
T6 <1,6> 2501      T6I <11,6> 1139
T7 <1,7> 907      T7I <11,7> 2278
T8 <1,8> 1814      T8I <11,8> 461
T9 <1,9> 3628      T9I <11,9> 922
T10 <1,10> 3161      T10I <11,10> 1844
T11 <1,11> 2227      T11I <11,11> 3688
Abbrev Operation Result Abbrev Operation Result
T0M <5,0> 1139      T0MI <7,0> 2501
T1M <5,1> 2278      T1MI <7,1> 907
T2M <5,2> 461      T2MI <7,2> 1814
T3M <5,3> 922      T3MI <7,3> 3628
T4M <5,4> 1844      T4MI <7,4> 3161
T5M <5,5> 3688      T5MI <7,5> 2227
T6M <5,6> 3281      T6MI <7,6> 359
T7M <5,7> 2467      T7MI <7,7> 718
T8M <5,8> 839      T8MI <7,8> 1436
T9M <5,9> 1678      T9MI <7,9> 2872
T10M <5,10> 3356      T10MI <7,10> 1649
T11M <5,11> 2617      T11MI <7,11> 3298

The transformations that map this set to itself are: T0, T6MI

Nearby Scales:

These are other scales that are similar to this one, created by adding a tone, removing a tone, or moving one note up or down a semitone.

Scale 357Banitonic
Scale 355African Pentatonic 4
Scale 363Soptimic
Scale 367Infra-Alt 67
Scale 375Infra-Alt 674
Scale 327Syptitonic
Scale 343Ionorimic
Scale 295Gyritonic
Scale 423Sogimic
Scale 487Locrian 367
Scale 103APUian
Scale 231BIFian
Scale 615Schoenberg Hexachord
Scale 871Hungarian Romani Minor 4th Mode
Scale 1383Locrian 3
Scale 2407Apathetic

This scale analysis was created by Ian Ring, Canadian Composer of works for Piano, and total music theory nerd. Scale notation generated by Lilypond, graph visualization by Graphviz, audio by TiMIDIty and FFMPEG. All other diagrams and visualizations are © Ian Ring. Some scale names used on this and other pages were invented by living persons, and used here with permission where required: notably collections of names by William Zeitler, Justin Pecot, Rich Cochrane, and Robert Bedwell.

Pitch spelling algorithm employed here is adapted from a method by Uzay Bora, Baris Tekin Tezel, and Alper Vahaplar. (DOI, Patent owner: Dokuz Eylül University, Used with Permission.

Tons of background resources contributed to the production of this summary; for a list of these peruse this Bibliography. Special thanks to Richard Repp for helping with technical accuracy, and George Howlett for assistance with naming the Carnatic ragas. Thanks to Niels Verosky for collaborating on the Hierarchizability diagrams. Gratitudes to Qid Love for the Xenomes. Thanks to B P Leonard for the Brightness metrics. Thanks to u/howaboot for inventing the Center of Gravity metrics.